Theseus (UK: /ˈ θ iː sj uː s / , US: /ˈ θ iː s i ə s / ; Greek: Θησεύς [tʰɛːsěu̯s]) was the mythical king and founder-hero of Aths. The myths surrounding Theseus – his journeys, exploits, and frids – have provided material for fiction throughout the ages.
Theseus is sometimes described as the son of Aegeus, King of Aths, and sometimes as the son of the god Poseidon. He was raised by his mother, Aethra, and, upon discovering his connection to Aegeus, travels overland to Aths, having many advtures on the way. Wh he reaches Aths, he finds that Aegeus is married to Medea (formerly wife of Jason), who plots against him.
The most famous legd about Theseus is his slaying of the Minotaur, half man and half bull. He th goes on to unite Attica under Athian rule: the synoikismos ('dwelling together'). As the unifying king, he is credited with building a palace on the fortress of the Acropolis. Pausanias reports that after synoikismos, Theseus established a cult of Aphrodite ('Aphrodite of all the People') on the southern slope of the Acropolis.
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Plutarch's Life of Theseus makes use of varying accounts of the death of the Minotaur, Theseus' escape, and his romantic involvemt with and betrayal of Ariadne, daughter of King Minos.
Plutarch's avowed purpose is to construct a life that parallels the Life of Romulus, the founding myth of Rome. Plutarch's sources, not all of whose texts have survived indepdtly, include Pherecydes (mid-fifth ctury BC), Demon (c. 400 BC), Philochorus, and Cleidemus (both fourth ctury BC).
As the subject of myth, the existce of Theseus as a real person has not be prov, but scholars believe that he may have be alive during the Late Bronze Age,
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Aegeus, one of the primordial kings of Aths, was childless. Desiring an heir, he asked the Oracle of Delphi for advice. Her cryptic words were "Do not loos the bulging mouth of the wineskin until you have reached the height of Aths, lest you die of grief." Aegeus did not understand the prophecy and was disappointed. He asked the advice of his host Pittheus, king of Troez. Pittheus understood the prophecy, got Aegeus drunk, and gave Aegeus his daughter Aethra.
But following the instructions of Atha in a dream, Aethra left the sleeping Aegeus and waded across to the island of Sphairia that lay close to Troez's shore. There, she poured a libation to Sphairos (Pelops's charioteer) and Poseidon and was possessed by the sea god in the night. The mix gave Theseus a combination of divine as well as mortal characteristics in his nature; such double paternity, with one immortal and one mortal, was a familiar feature of other Greek heroes.
After Aethra became pregnant, Aegeus decided to return to Aths. Before leaving, however, he buried his sandals and sword under a huge rock
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And told Aethra that wh their son grew up, he should move the rock, if he were heroic ough, and take the toks for himself as evidce of his royal partage. In Aths, Aegeus was joined by Medea, who had left Corinth after slaughtering the childr she had borne to Jason, and had tak Aegeus as her new consort.
Thus Theseus was raised in his mother's land. Wh Theseus grew up to be a young man, he moved the rock and recovered his father's toks. His mother th told him the truth about his father's idtity and that he must take the sword and sandals back to the king Aegeus to claim his birthright. To journey to Aths, Theseus could choose to go by sea (which was the safe way) or by land, following a dangerous path around the Saronic Gulf, where he would counter a string of six trances to the Underworld,
Each guarded by a chthonic emy. Young, brave, and ambitious, Theseus decided to go alone by the land route and defeated many bandits along the way.
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Wh Theseus arrived in Aths, he did not reveal his true idtity immediately. Aegeus gave him hospitality but was suspicious of the young, powerful stranger's inttions. Aegeus's consort Medea recognized Theseus immediately as Aegeus' son and worried that Theseus would be chos as heir to Aegeus' kingdom instead of her son Medus. She tried to arrange to have Theseus killed by asking him to capture the Marathonian Bull, an emblem of Cretan power.
On the way to Marathon, Theseus took shelter from a storm in the hut of an ancit woman named Hecale. She swore to make a sacrifice to Zeus if Theseus were successful in capturing the bull. Theseus did capture the bull, but wh he returned to Hecale's hut, she was dead. In her honor, Theseus gave her name to one of the demes of Attica, making its inhabitants in a sse her adopted childr.
Wh Theseus returned victorious to Aths, where he sacrificed the Bull, Medea tried to poison him. At the last second, Aegeus recognized the sandals and the sword and knocked the poisoned wine cup from Theseus's hands. Thus father and son were reunited, and Medea fled to Asia.
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Wh Theseus appeared in the town, his reputation had preceded him, as a result of his having traveled along the notorious coastal road from Troez and slain some of the most feared bandits there. It was not long before the Pallantides' hopes of succeeding the childless Aegeus would be lost if they did not get rid of Theseus (the Pallantides were the sons of Pallas and nephews of King Aegeus, who was th living at the royal court in the sanctuary of Delphic Apollo).
So they set a trap for him. One band of them would march on the town from one side while another lay in wait near a place called Gargettus in ambush. The plan was that after Theseus, Aegeus, and the palace guards had be forced out the front, the other half would surprise them from behind. However, Theseus was not fooled. Informed of the plan by a herald named Leos, he crept out of the city at midnight and surprised the Pallantides. "Theseus th fell suddly upon the party lying in ambush, and slew them all. Thereupon the party with Pallas dispersed, " Plutarch reported.
Pasiphaë, wife of King Minos of Crete, had several childr. The eldest of these, Androgeus, set sail for Aths to take part in the Panathaic Games, which were held there every four years. Being strong and skillful, he did very well, winning some evts outright. He soon became a crowd favorite, much to the restmt of the Pallantides, who assassinated him, incurring the wrath of Minos.
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Wh King Minos heard what had befall his son, he ordered the Cretan fleet to set sail for Aths. Minos asked Aegeus for his son's assassins, saying that if they were to be handed to him, the city would be spared. However, not knowing who the assassins were, King Aegeus surrdered the whole city to Minos' mercy. His retribution was to stipulate that at the d of every Great Year, which occurred after every sev cycles on the solar caldar, the sev most courageous youths and the sev most beautiful maids were to board a boat and be st as tribute to Crete, never to be se again.
In another version, King Minos had waged war with the Athians and was successful. He th demanded that, at nine-year intervals, sev Athian boys and sev Athian girls were to be st to Crete to be devoured by the Minotaur, a half-man, half-bull monster that lived in the Labyrinth created by Daedalus.
On the third occasion, Theseus volunteered to talk to the monster to stop this horror. He took the place of one of the youths and set off with a black sail, promising to his father, Aegeus, that if successful he would return with a white sail.
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Like the others, Theseus was stripped of his weapons wh they sailed. On his arrival in Crete, Ariadne, King Minos' daughter, fell in love with Theseus and, on the advice of Daedalus, gave him a ball of thread (a clew), so he could find his way out of the Labyrinth.
That night, Ariadne escorted Theseus to the Labyrinth, and Theseus promised that if he returned from the Labyrinth he would take Ariadne with him. As soon as Theseus tered the Labyrinth, he tied one d of the ball of string to the doorpost and brandished his sword which he had kept hidd from the guards inside his tunic. Theseus followed Daedalus' instructions giv to Ariadne: go forwards, always down, and never left or right. Theseus came to the heart of the Labyrinth and upon the sleeping Minotaur. The beast awoke and a tremdous fight occurred. Theseus overpowered the Minotaur with his strgth and stabbed the beast in the throat with his sword (according to one scholium on Pindar's Fifth Nemean Ode, Theseus strangled it).
After decapitating the beast, Theseus used the string to escape the Labyrinth and managed to escape with all of the young Athians and Ariadne as well as her younger sister Phaedra. Th he and the rest of the crew fell asleep
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